Analysis of characters of a clean, well- lighted place

Published in 1926, Ernest Hemingway’s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place introduces three unnamed characters whose lives intertwined one early morning in a Spanish cafà ©.The young waiter is irritated by the fact that the old deaf man does not want to go home and keeps on ordering for more drinks which the young waiter refuses to give.1 He insults the old customer knowing he cannot hear a single word he says. He is angry because he wants to go home and be with his wife. There is life for him outside his job the cafà ©.On the other hand, the old waiter sympathizes with the old deaf man. He realizes that the old man is not â€Å"nasty† but lonely. He concludes that his loneliness must be the reason why he tried to end his life the week before while the young waiter is clueless why he wanted to do such a terrible thing given that he has plenty of money.Closing the cafà ©, the waiters begin a conversation about being lonely, feeling no fear despite the odd hours they have to ge t home. The young waiter exclaims that he and the old waiter are the same in being confident. But the man disagrees:â€Å"No. I have never had confidence and I am not young (†¦) I am of those who like to stay late at the cafà ©,† (†¦) â€Å"With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night.†However, the you waiter does not seem to understand the idea of having a clean, well- lighted place, a place where old people do not have to feel lonely. The young waiter heads home while the old one chooses to stay in case some fellow needs a lighted cafà © for the night. A clean, well-lighted place, instead of a dark, unclean bar or a bodega which may only intensifies loneliness.1. Ernest Hemingway A Clean, Well-Lighted Place (New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1987), 289.In A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, Ernest Hemingway portrays the difference between the young and the old waiter on drinking.2 For the young waiter, it is better f or the old deaf man to buy a bottle and drink it alone in his house rather than going to a public place and get drunk. But the old waiter approves of drinking in public than having a single glass in private. In my opinion, drinking is better or more fun when done in the company of other people.I can relate with the old waiter. I am not used to drinking alone in private even though I have problems. Drinking alone exacerbates the feeling of loneliness. Look at what happened to the old customer. He was probably drunk and alone in his house when he tried to commit suicide. Drinking in a public cafà © assures his family that he will not attempt to kill himself in front of other people. In public, you can talk to someone or meet someone probably on the same boat, suffering the same loneliness. You can start making friends and not feel the reason why you are there drinking in the first place.As for myself, I am not comfortable drinking alone whatever my mood is. However, I think the young waiter is right when he says that the old customer has no reason to kill himself given that he is rich. I am not saying that rich people has no problems because probably they have worse problems than common people have. All I am saying is that nothing can justify suicide. Every existence has its meaning and you just have to find it. In every stage of our lives, a new purpose unfolds and it is up to us to do something about it and make our lives more productive.Another way to analyze the difference between the two waiters is how they view life.3 In this matter, I can relate with the young waiter.

Benjamin Franklin

The Benjamin Franklin is quintessential American in the American history. The Benjamin Franklin was a great scientist, politician, printer, musician, economist, inventor, and environmentalist. He was a person with many historical stands with him which illustrated his excellence in various field whether it was politics or science or painting or any other field. He was an intuitive and sensitive person with many qualities. He was one of the persons who were known as the founders of America. He had a diverse area of interests and thus was having diverse qualities.He was a political leader, but at the same time he was a scientist also. This shows his quality of grasping and using his skills. The life span of Benjamin Franklin started in 1706 and lasted up to 1790. This was remarkable as the age above 80 was very rare in the in 17th century. He was the core person in the American Revolution who utilized his qualities to evolve as the politician in the American history. He used his scienti fic, diplomatic, industrial, philosophical ways to contribute to American Revolution.He conveyed his knowledge throughout the America for the building and construction of the America of his beliefs. Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts on 17th January, 1706. (Benjamin Franklin 1) His father Josiah Franklin was a wax maker. His mother’s name was Abiah Folger. The Benjamin Franklin was the youngest son among the 17 children from his father. He was 15th in his brothers and sisters. Initially his father earned his money from selling soap and candles. He was very naughty boy in his childhood. But his father did not earn well.His father as was not a rich person could not send him to school, so the Benjamin Franklin did his studies through voracious studies. Thus the Benjamin Franklin was not having enough education in his childhood as his father was a poor person. He was a person with very hard will and thus he evolved himself from the core. The Benjamin Franklin sta rted working with his father and sold soap and wax. He was an intelligent and practical person without relying on the theories. After this, he started working with his brother for five year in printing press.During these five years he had access to many books which he had borrowed from his partner sellers. Thus he started his education actually from these books related to various fields. Thus he gained his control over many fields and which he utilized further in his life. The elder brother of Benjamin Franklin started a news paper, The New England Courant where Benjamin started working and used his skills and became the apprentice. He wanted to write for his news paper, but his elder brother was against his writing in news paper.He moved to Philadelphia from Boston and worked as a printer. The elder brother of Franklin did not allow him to write for the newspaper, so he wrote some articles with a pseudo name even. He was a man with great deed. The Benjamin Franklin started working as a clerk in Denham’s merchant business. He founded a library with his friends for studying the books as the books were rare and expensive to purchase. This showed that he was very fond of reading and studying.In 1728, after the death of Deham, Franklin established a printing partnership with Hugh Meredith. In 1732, Franklin started the newspaper Philadelphische Zeitung. Up to 1734 he was a prominent person in Pennsylvania and for the first time he published the first book, reprinting of James Anderson’s The Constitution of the Free Masons. He wanted to became a high quality writer which would be renowned for his works. He spent his many years in England and made known his famous Poor Richard’s Almanac and the Pennsylvania.In his these books he used his writing skills and cited many proverbs which got famous from that time. These proverbs are used today also. He formed a public lending library and fire department in America. He was against many political steps like Iron Act in 1750, the Albany Plan of Union in 1754, but favored the stand for paper money as currency. He was acknowledged as a national hero in America at that time when he went forward to oppose the parliament to put down the Stamp Act.He also became a minister and went to Paris where he was respected comprehensively by the French people. Later in his life he became the Postmaster General and was the President of the Supreme Executive Council. He made great efforts to contribute in the American Revolution. The Benjamin Franklin was a writer also through out his life. His famous works were Poor Richard’s Almanac. This book comprised of many proverbs like â€Å"a penny saved is two pence dear†, â€Å"Fish and visitors sink in three days†.These were some of the famous proverbs from his book. These famous proverbs showed his high level of his writing. Franklin was a scientist and an inventor also in his life. He was assumed to be a magnificent person in field of science in 17th century. His famous experiment of flying kite showed his deep interest in field of electricity. He showed the concept and theory for positive and negative charges. He was the first person who showed the conservation of charges. This later became a theory.He invented Franklin stove, Catheter, Swim fins, Glass Harmonica, and bifocals. He founded the American Philosophical Society in 1743. He had a deep interest in philosophy. He was also elected as the first President of the American Philosophical Society. He started his experiments in this society about the electricity. He got retired from the printing press in 1748. In 1759 he gave his suggestion for experiment of electricity in lightening. Due to his renowned work he was elected as the first American for Royal Society’s Copley Medal.In his political career he became a councilman in 1748 in Philadelphia and in 1751 he was elected as the Justice of Peace in Philadelphia. He was appointed as the deputy postm aster general in 1953. He was elected as chief of a delegation to Albany Congress. He was sent to England to protest against Penn family in 1757. In 1763 when Franklin returned back to Pennsylvania, where he saw some war was there known as the Pontiac’s Rebellion. There were attacks on his character during this period and so he lost his assembly election in 1764.In 1764 when he reached England, King George III sent him back to Pennsylvania as the agent for the colony. He also became agent of Georgia, New Jersey and Massachusetts colonies also. He opposed the Stamp Act in London and later Townshend Acts of 1767 ends his wishes for working for English Government. He was a man with zeal and passion to work and to oppose also. So when he watched the disgusting acts of the English Government, he opposed them severely. This showed his character for freedom against the oppression.The Franklin came back to Philadelphia where the American Revolution had started. The Pennsylvania Assem bly had selected the Benjamin Franklin as delegate for the Second Continental Congress. He was a member of committee which drafted the Declaration of Independence of America in 1776. The Franklin devoted himself as a leader in the American Revolution for the independence of his nation. He coordinated with great Thomas Jefferson and made many changes in the drafts proposed by the Thomas Jefferson.He was an Ambassador to France from 1776 and became the commissioner for the United States. He lived in the France up to 1785. He was very famous personalities in France as many people buy his paintings. He, when, returned to the America back then he received an honor as he was placed just below the George Washington. He became an abolitionist in America after 1785. He worked in many fields for welfare of the people also. He donated 200 Pound for the development of Franklin Collage. He also finished his autobiography during this period of 1771 to 1788.His political career went to the peak wh en he was elected as the President of the Pennsylvania in 1785. He was the President for just three years. Thus this was the end of his political career. He worked as the President to work for the people and for the welfare of the country. He thus was very famous and respected among the people. When he was President, the people felt relaxation and were content. He, during his office duration worked with many great people or politician like Thomas Jefferson, George Washington etc.Many famous writers like Thomas Paine wrote about him and admired him for his qualities. The Benjamin Franklin was a most important character in the history of America whether it was related to science or politics or development also. The Benjamin Franklin through out his life work for the America and just remained a part of American politics up to his death. His death was termed as great loss to politics in America. He advocated the republicanism of his country in his life. He advocated this concept widely. He thought that his country when became a republic could remain when the people would attentive for their social rights and their duties. He also explained this concept in famous book Poor Richard’s Almanac. The person with a deed and character was known as Benjamin Franklin. He worked in the American Revolution for the freedom of the America from colonialism of England. He fought against the English Empire although he had worked for them. But he had a great love for his country.He had worked as the politician through out his life and became the President of Pennsylvania for the benefit and safety of his state. He was a very wise man and had rebellion character also. He strongly opposed the English Government for Stamp Act and Townshend Act in England. He worked in many committees as the delegates to explore the new political ideas. Even he was in the committee known as Committee of Five for drafting the Declaration of Independence which was comprised of Thomas Jefferson.He w as also rewarded as the second person to George Washington in his time which was a great political honor. This honor was given to him as he was hero in American Revolution. There were many myths prevailed about Benjamin Franklin as he was a great character. Some of them were true and some of them never had been proved by the people. One of the myths was that the Benjamin Franklin was a womanizer when he was residing in France as the Ambassador from America.He had thirteen children which were not legal. It was a myth that he had an illegal relation with a French woman. But it was termed to be a fake as no historian or any other captured any note about this relation. Although he had many woman friends associated with him like Catherine Shipley which was only eleven year old when she came in contact with Benjamin Franklin. He was very lovable character in women. But there were no proof that he had gone with any illegal relations with these women.But he had academic, brave and scholar r elations with them. The Benjamin Franklin was wise men who devoted his time and indulged himself completely to make a new and constructive America. There were many myths encountered through out his life which were accepted in the history. He was venerated for his beliefs which had grown to a myth. He called a three days of prayer session during recess in July, 1787 and clergyman for the prayers for daily meeting in the constitutional convention.It was also stated that the after these sessions of prayer gathering, the constitution was written very speedily. This myth was true as there were many records about this myth. There was also myth related with the Benjamin Franklin that he discovered electricity when he was flying the kite and his kite got struck by the lightening. But real fact is that when Benjamin Franklin was flying a kite, his main goal was to prove the electrical nature of lightening. Hi kite just picked up the stray charges which cause the phenomenon of stray capacitan ce.If his kite got struck with the lightening, he might be killed at that instant. He discovered the nature of charge in the lightening and thus discovered the electricity. He was the first person who showed high interest and make use of his high quality knowledge for this experiment. Thus this belief that the Benjamin Franklin had discovered the electricity was true. There were many myths about the acceptance of symbol of America at the time of Benjamin Franklin.Many people wanted eagle to be the symbol, but the bald eagle was accepted as national symbol of America. These myths were also related with the Benjamin Franklin. He was not agreed upon the bald eagle to be a symbol of a nation. It did not seem good for having bald eagle as the symbol of a nation as according to the Benjamin Franklin. But in his letter to his daughter Sally on January 26, 1784(The Eagle, Ben Franklin, and the Turkey 1), he putted his doubt on using the Bald Eagle as the symbol for America.The statement poi nted to the Benjamin Franklin â€Å"a penny saved is a penny earned† represents a myth which was broken later in the history. He wanted to utilize the money through the savings. Thus he was incorporated with the foundation of habit of saving. He was closely associated with saving the money and thought that saving money is the best method of earning. But this myth was broken as the due to modernization of the society today. There are certain myths and stories behind the Benjamin Franklin which were not true.These myths were held across the nation was due to the lack of information medium in America at that time. The medium of information was the major factor which was lagging extensively. This myths stands throughout the history because the information which was given by one person when had reached the last person, had changed due to replacement from different persons. Sometimes it might happen that, when an historian or writer had written some myths about the Benjamin Frankli n, they got reached other person.Thus these myths reached from one person to other. The major reason for the spread out of these myths was gossiping. These gossiping were the main reason for these myths. The Thomas Jefferson was very inspired with Benjamin Franklin and wrote â€Å"I have seen, with extreme indignation, the blasphemies lately vended against the memory of the father of American philosophy. But his memory will be preserved and venerated as long as the thunder of heaven shall be heard or feared. † (The Real Benjamin Franklin, pages 232-233).Instead of all the myths and stories which proclaimed about the Benjamin Franklin, he was renowned as the great and legendry personality of American history. He was one of the founding fathers of America. He had done widely for America and American Revolution with his full efforts. Work-Cited: 1) Benjamin Franklin, From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin 2) Thomas Jefferson, The R eal Benjamin, Page 232-233. 3) The Eagle, Ben Franklin, and the Turkey. http://www. greatseal. com/symbols/turkey. html

Definition and Examples of Elenchus in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Elenchus in Rhetoric In a dialogue,  elenchus is  the Socratic method of questioning someone to test the cogency, consistency, and credibility of what he or she has said. Plural: elenchi. Adjective: elentic. Also known as the Socratic elenchus, Socratic method,  or elenctic method. The aim of the elenchus, says Richard Robinson, is to wake men out of their dogmatic slumbers into genuine intellectual curiosity (Platos Earlier Dialectic, 1966).For an example of  Socrates use of elenchus, see the excerpt from Gorgias (a  dialogue  written by  Plato  around 380 BC) at the entry for Socratic Dialogue. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: DialecticSocratic DialogueAporiaArgument  and ArgumentationDiaphoresisDissoi LogoiProofRefutation EtymologyFrom the Greek, to refute, examine critically Examples and Observations Socrates famous method of refutationthe elenchustended to induce the experience of emptiness in others: an interlocutor would begin thinking he knew what justice or courage or piety is, and in the course of the conversation would be reduced to confusion and self-contradiction. For his own part, Socrates was the ancient Hellenic version of the Cheshire cat, fading away into his own smile. . . . In short, Socrates had an uncanny gift for bringing others to the brink of anxiety.(Jonathan Lear, The Examined Life. The New York Times, October 25, 1998)A Model of the ElenchusThe elenchus is often used in describing the Socratic dialectical method. This model in its simplest form can be sketched as follows: Socrates lets one of his interlocutors pose a definition of x, after which Socrates will interrogate the interlocutor up to the point where the latter has to admit this definition was, indeed, wrong and that he does not know what x is. This model of the elenchus can indeed be found in som e dialoguesI think especially in the early dialogues.(Gerard Kuperus, Traveling With Socrates: Dialectic in the Phaedo and Protagoras. Philosophy in Dialogue: Platos Many Devices, ed. by Gary Alan Scott. Northwestern University Press, 2007) Multiple MeaningsVarious terms are used in [Platos] dialogues in connection with Socrates manner of inquiring and interrogating, but none of them is used consistently by Plato in any precise or technical way that would legitimize it as Platos label for the philosophers approach. . . .Still, in the last 30 or 40 years, it has become rather standard for commentators to use the term Socratic elenchus as a label for Socrates way of philosophizing in the dialogues. . . .It is fundamentally unclear whether the elenchus is supposed to refer to a process (in which case it could mean to cross-examine, to put to the test, to put to the proof, or to indicate) or a result (in which case it could mean to shame, to refute, or to prove). In short, there is no general agreement about the elenchus, and therefore no consensus either about its employment in the dialogues.(Gary Alan Scott, Introduction to Does Socrates Have a Method?: Rethinking the Elenchus in Platos Dialogues. Penn State, 2004) A Negative MethodSocrates is considered one of the founding fathers of Western philosophy but, problematically for scholars, his thought is preserved only through the accounts of his students, most notably in Platos dialogues.His most significant contribution to Western thought is the Socratic method of debate or Method of Elenchus, a dialectical method of questioning, testing and ultimately improving a hypothesis. Through asking a series of questions, the method sought to show contradictions in the beliefs of those who posed them ​and systematically move towards a hypothesis-free from contradiction. As such, it is a negative method, in that it seeks to identify and demarcate that which a person does not know, rather than which he does. Socrates applied this to the testing of moral concepts, such as justice. Plato produced 13 volumes of Socratic Dialogues, in which Socrates would question a prominent Athenian on moral and philosophical issues. So often cast as the questioner, it is hard to establish any of Socrates own philosophical beliefs. He said his wisdom was an awareness of his own ignorance, and his statement, I know that I know nothing is often quoted.(Arifa Akbar, Arrogance of Socrates Made a Compelling Case for His Death. The Independent [UK], June 8, 2009) Alternate Spellings: elenchos

The Constitution essays

The Constitution essays The Declaration of Independence called for a democratic government and the first result was the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was too weak to be an effective form of government. It did however, pave the way to the U.S. Constitution which was a much stronger form of government. Did the writers of the Constitution create an aristocratic government to benefit a wealthy few, or did the writers of the Constitution recognize the importance of a strong central government that could run the country effectively? The Declaration of Independence did call for a democratic government. America had felt that the English monarchy had invaded their rights. Many people were scared that a strong centralized government, even a democratic one, would trample their rights just as easily as England had. Keeping this in mind, the writers of the Articles of Confederation opted for a league of friendship between the different states. Each state had control of its own currency, laws, tariffs, etc.... Although this league of friendship may have quieted fears of a strong, centralized, and imposing government, the effectiveness of the Articles of Confederation soon came into question. The Articles of Confederation had some weaknesses. The regulation of commerce was not left to the government under the Articles of Confederation. This left the individual states free to use their own currency, making the ability to tax the states relatively impossible. The government asked the states to voluntarily contribute their share, which they seldom did. The national government was virtually powerless under the Articles of Confederation, and eventually the convention that brought forth the United States Constitution came about. Although the Articles of Confederation were ineffective, they were a great stepping stone to the Constitution, outlining general powers that the centra ...

Blues Music And Its Influence On Integration

Essay, Research Paper Sarah Anne Stevenson Dave Stockum English Language and Comprehension 20 November 1999 Bluess Music and its influence on integrating From old ages 1505 to 1870, the universe underwent the largest forced migration in history: West Africa was shortly to be convulsed by the reaching of Europeans and go the coming of the transatlantic slave trade. Ships from Europe, edge for America, appeared on the skyline, and their captains and sailors-carrying muskets, blades, and shackles-landed on the seashore, walked up the beach in their unusual apparels, looked around, and demanded slaves. A hideous chapter in history had begun, and neither Africa nor America would be the same once more. ( Awmiller 14 ) Approximately 10 million Africans were brought across the seas to the Americas to be manipulated into bondage ( 14 ) . It became evident that these African work forces, adult females and kids were meant to bring forth money. They were meant to work rough labour, yet they were no longer intend to hold a voice. A few Americans took the clip to appreciate the difficult work performed by the slaves ; nevertheless, grasp is a short measure in the long route to equality. It was non until the late nineteenth century that America began to mend the amendss done by this immoral trading of human existences. Once the slaves were? freed? after the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, it did non make much to stop the subjugation and bias against their race. Their freedom did non give them a bosom ; it did non turn out they had psyche. This is where their music becomes important, and this is Blues music ( How the Blues Overview ) . Throughout their music, it took much less clip for the black race to turn out that they were non unlike the remainder of humanity ; in fact, they did hold a voice, and a stalking one. Once Blues music was non merely recognized, but besides comprehended, admired and imitated, it opened the Gatess of in-migration, and the state to this twenty-four hours has matured in its ability to see grey. Included in the mass of faceless slaves, the boats entrapped and migrated a big figure of griots. A griot was an African version of the European roving folk singer. They spent their lives going from small town to village, playing the function of a musician, narrator and wise adult male. They typically carried an instrument similar to a guitar or banjo ( Awmiller 13 ) . However, due to their rapid alteration in environment, they could no longer sing the vocals that they used to sing in their old small towns ; they invented new vocals. The griots invented new vocals that addressed their new and terrific fortunes: Songs about being chained on the ships below deck like animate beings, about those who did non last the barbarous crossing to New World, and about the places they would neer see once more. And one time in America, there were other adversities to sing about: the shame of the auction block, the separation of household members, the remorseless intervention at the custodies of landholders. ( 15 ) Even though their Masterss, and most slave proprietors at the clip, continued a moving ridge of new Torahs and limitations to stamp down the baleful civilization of Africa, these griots and these slaves used their new manner of music to shout out against these blazing errors to their race. They needed an flight to retain the necessities of their civilization, of their fatherland of which they doubtless could non stamp down the memories of values and of experiences known antecedently to them. By the terminal of the Civil War, these slaves had blended African and European influences to animate their ain civilization. This neo-African civilization included Afro-american manners of dance and storytelling, work and spiritualty, conversation and community. ? By sifting among the many elements of this vibrant, vital universe, we can follow the specific musical roots of what would be known, by the terminal of the century, as? the blues? ? ( 15 ) . Bluess music originated in the cotton Fieldss of the southern United States where the bulk of the slave custodies were put to work. ? The earliest folk-blues were sung by unidentified African-Americans life and working in the South? s cotton belt in the early 1880? s and 1890? s- in peculiar, the part from the Mississippi Delta to East Texas? ( Barlow 3 ) . It was believed that this began as a call and response manner, which matured into the work vocal. From that point of view, after the release of the slaves, the work vocal so matured into their Spirituals, and subsequently was introduced to the Whites through black-faced Minstrel of Medicine shows ( How the Blues Overview ) . As the music matured and became more celebrated, its influence became outstanding in the music manners of the clip, and in the entwining relationships between the races. ? The music was a alone and cultural offering that Whites could non deny. It was something new and challenging to Whites that shed a new visi ble radiation on inkinesss and their topographic point in American civilization and society? ( Overview ) . The music did non look to hold the same colour limitations as the music antecedently performed. It drew inkinesss and whites together in a topographic point where everyone could go forth the Jim Crow Torahs at the door ( Overview ) . This offered a new and good life style for the inkinesss every bit good as the Whites. Possibly the involvement was that the white people had found a new endowment to work and from which to do easy money, or possibly, possibly it was because the Whites truly understood the cultural significance in the music and respected this endowment of the black race adequate to get the better of racial and cultural differences. ? The white slave proprietors were intrigued by the slaves? ? music? [ and ] encouraged the slaves to sing and play? because they felt that the slaves were happier-and less rebellious-if they were allowed to do their music? ( Haskins 9 ) . While their music was evidently something these slaves were utilizing to maintain their African heritage, the Whites believed that their music was an look of felicity and contentment. They believed that their vocalizing was an look of their credence of their difficult destiny. Former slave Frederic Douglas wrote that the music of these slaves reflected an look of the antonym: ? I have frequently been absolutely astonished, since I came to the North, to happen individuals who could talk of the vocalizing among slaves as grounds of their committedness and felicity. Slaves sing most when they are most unhappy. The vocals of the slaves represent the sorrows of his life ; and he is relieved by them merely as an hurting bosom is relieved by tears. ? ( Douglas 97 ) ? In the early nineteenth century, advertizements would indicate out the musical endowments of these slaves who were for sale knowing that would set them in higher demand? ( Davis 27-28 ) . It was due to the Whites? misconception that those slaves who displayed musical endowment were typically given easier work and wagess for their endowment and their apparent obeisance of their labour. At times these slaves were bought specifically for their musical endowment and were neer subjected to harsh fieldwork. Sometimes, these black workers were invited to weekend parties, asked to execute, and were given whisky, nutrient and other wagess for their services. ? Blues music was non merely an indispensable component of many spiritual and secular events for inkinesss, but it was a significant beginning of amusement for Whites as good? ( How the Blues Appreciation ) . This displays historically the constitution of the white adult male? s echt grasp for black music. In 1903 Mr. W.C. Handy, subsequently referred to as the? Father of the Blues, ? hears his inspiration. He notices a ruggedly dressed old black adult male sitting on a bench, playing guitar. Handy wrote the notes of the old adult male? s down: Rather than thruming and picking the strings, the adult male was skiding an unfastened pocket knife up and down the guitar? s cervix doing the notes bend and slide, the strings groan and lament. The sound was so much like a human voice that you could about state the guitar was shouting. ( Awmiller 12 ) Gertrude? Ma? Rainey, a professional music hall vocalist, told a similar experience. She heard a immature adult female singing outside her vaudeville collapsible shelter, a strange and? poignant vocal, ? about her adult male who left her. In add-on, farther off, a white fiddle participant named Hart Wand was playing a tune that an Afro-american employee of his male parent? s said gave him? the blues? ( 12 ) . So, what is it that precisely constitutes the Blues? Cross beat were used extensively in the Blues. This was besides outstanding within the old West African drumming. This was popularly created by dividing the melodious line from the groundbeat, which so puts the two in rhythmic struggle, and was done by a lone instrumentalist vocalizing or playing stressing the upbeat. Possibly the most outstanding invention was their melodious inclination to show lifting emotions with falling pitch. This became such a hallmark with the African look of Blues, that it is now referred to as playing bluish notes. Finally, Bluess instrumentalists seldom used the same manner of voice. Blues was a mixture of harsh croaky tones and slurs to falsetto and melisma, and this was all used to colourise the melodious line and give it individuality and expressiveness ; which all of these hallmarks they innovated from their old West African music ( Barlow 4 ) . With this full battle from the white folks to weaken the African # 8217 ; s African heritage, it seems implausible to believe that the slaves # 8217 ; music was what threw the first rock at the barriers between the inkinesss and Whites. It was the Minstrel and Medicine shows from the 1830 # 8217 ; s that gave the Whites their first chance to dig into the civilization of the slaves and their music- in the beginning with the lingering alibi of show concern. A folk singer show was a musical event where white folks got the opportunity to paint their faces black with burned cork and perform in the character of a black adult male. This gave the white Americans their first gustatory sensation of the black adult male # 8217 ; s music in a harmless environment free of the black adult male. Many white American # 8217 ; s in blackface and black garb were able to go around the state, distributing the musical manner of the inkinesss they had heard before to others who may non hold had the chance. This may hold aided in the increasing popularity of a stereotypic black adult male, # 8230 ; nevertheless, if it is true that imitation is the extreme signifier of flattery, so these sh ows were grounds of white’s attractive force and fancy for black civilization ( How the Blues Minstrel and Medicine ) . ? The first folk singer melody identified as such to do a dent in the national consciousness was Tim Rice # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; Jump Jim Crow, # 8217 ; published in 1830 # 8230 ; [ first ] Sung by a black stable manus in Louisville, Kentucky ( Davis 36 ) . These medical specialty shows were? an entry into a universe in which black could be white, white could be black, anything could be itself and at the same time opposite ( 37 ) . There were many white work forces who thought the show? s intent was to do a gag at the black adult male # 8217 ; s disbursal ; nevertheless, most of the white histrions executing at these shows unfeignedly wished to be able to portray the musical manner, and obtain and copy the civilization possessed by the black race. Although this information of the black music and its civilization was 2nd manus, it insinuated the presence of the black adult male, and foreshadowed the reaching of black work forces and adult females instrumentalists into the music concern. Therefore, it seems about dry once more that while some of these white work forces were seeking to know apart against the inkinesss with these shows, they were unwittingly helping in the inkinesss capableness to subsequently reclaim the same rights as the white work forces had. In fact, it was these black-face folk singer shows that subsequently gave the inkinesss the right to play in the same shows. After Minstrel shows, the Medicine shows so became popular around the bend of the century. They became the first shows to have and entertain both white and black Americans. This was perchance the most influential in regard to race dealingss. These shows still offered the Whites a opportunity to set on a black face ; nevertheless, both the inkinesss and Whites were eventually holding on something-music. This is where state and blues came together, and both grew to be a extremely critical and influential landmark in music history. These shows remained popular after the Civil War and forth after the Reconstruction period, a clip span from 1860 until 1877 ( How the Blues Minstrel and Medicine ) . These shows confirmed the common aim of both races and secured the booming concern between the two. While both black and white instrumentalists borrowed freely from each other # 8217 ; s manner of music, the black # 8217 ; s Blues music proved to be the most indispensable in manner with its fa rinaceous vocal texture and its typical accent on rhythmic impulse. ? It was this differentiation that made black entertainers indispensable and continued to cultivate white grasp for black music ( Minstrel and Medicine ) . This is now old ages after Lincoln # 8217 ; s Emancipation Proclamation, and it was around this clip that some white citizens were get downing to see their former slaves as of import subscribers to American civilization. ? Whites began entering the blues in the early twentieth century therefore widening the typical relationship between inkinesss and Whites in a positive way? ( White Interest ) . As both races began to work together, they began to develop the same ideals and ends, and recognizing it or non, began to alter history to break the hereafter for humanity. The black instrumentalists had already been playing in the medical specialty shows and for some clip had begun to go around and execute for the white common people who appreciated their music. The white business communities took notice of this and, after a piece, decided to market this private operation. The blues music of the inkinesss was deriving popularity throughout the United States, and white concern saw this as an chance to do a net income. ( Thank heavens for capitalist economy! ) Although this seems to possess a negative affect on the black race and their music, it truly helped develop their rights, particularly in the music concern and their ability to turn as instrumentalists. The record companies sent out lookouts to happen these gifted instrumentalists and enter them. With the success of one blues artist, there came the success of the remainder. This flourished in the 1920 # 8217 ; s particularly. With the successes that these blues work forces were holding, it was decided that they likely did cognize a few things about music. These record companies, owned by white work forces, were engaging these black Bluess instrumentalists to be advisers on which albums to advance and the manner in which to advance it. Despite exposing a stereotyped black, advertizements were selling their Bluess albums. It was exposing to the populace that these black work forces and adult females did hold endowment and were being viewed more as ( about equal ) human existences, and less and less every bit simple workers. Making music is a circumstance under which people of both races could blend without raising really many superciliums ( Integration of Musicians ) . This subsequently assisted to interrupt unfastened civil rights barriers due to the slow alteration in the national consciousness of the clip. ? Rumor has it that the local chapter of the Ku Klux Klan managed Jaybird Coleman, an early Blues mouth organ participant ( Integration of Musicians ) . It was about this clip period, around the late1930? s, that Blues no thirster was being played purely by black instrumentalists, but was being imitated, accurately, by white Bluess instrumentalists. Some white instrumentalists imitated the black music manner of Blues so good that in some cases it is open today who was white and who in fact was genuinely black upon listening to old recordings. This proves that this imitation was done now purely by esteem, and no thirster was being imitated by the Whites merely as a parody every bit much as the Minstrel music was. In add-on, non merely were the Whites copying the Blues music, but besides the state music manner of white music was being integrated into the black manner of Blues. This proves that the civilization between the inkinesss and Whites was get downing to blend and film over, and this was due to the affects of the machination of Blues music. Although it was socially acceptable for the Bluess instrumentalists to compose, compose and bring forth their music, it was frowned upon, until the late 1950 # 8217 ; s, that the teenage coevals be exposed to black Blues instrumentalists. However, white Bluess instrumentalists were another narrative. The distribution of Blues music was eased into the populace by utilizing white screens of black creative persons ( Covers and Dances ) . Ironically plenty, the white screens of these black creative person? s music neer climbed as high on the top-seller list as the 1s originally put out by the black musicians themselves. In 1956, white musician Pat Boone did a screen of the black Blues creative person Little Richard # 8217 ; s? Tutti Frutti that reached figure 18 on the best seller chart. However, when Small Richard put out his ain release of Long Tall Sally subsequently in that same twelvemonth, before Boone put out his screen of it, Small Richard already had it at figure six. This merely proves that, nevertheless trying to decelerate the eventual rise of black creative persons, they were in fact rushing the inevitable. Nothing did more than the screen phenomenon to ease a mass market for R A ; B and widen the chances for black creative persons? ? ( Ward 44 ) . These screens merely expedited the procedure of the mass exposure of the populace, and this rapidly developed a funny fancy for Blues and its African civilization. Finally, it did non affair who was singing, every bit long as it was performed good. This Blues phenomenon created a impersonal land for both inkinesss and Whites to portion and, henceforth, better their relationship. Although the black slaves had long been freed, notably there remained in the southern United States an inordinate figure of limitations on the black population. These were the ill-famed? Jim Crow? Torahs. However, when the inkinesss and Whites got together at dances, these seemed to get down to waver and so vanish. The dances would get down with the functionaries threading a rope spliting the dance floor in half to maintain the races from mixing. As the eventide wore on, the music was able to get down up the Jim Crow Torahs # 8230 ; [ and ] it was ever the Whites who instigated the crossing over because a black adult male making so risked being lynched ( How the Blues Covers A ; Dances ) . Another beautiful show of this liberalism was when the wireless became incorporate. About 80 members of the Ku Klux Klan were crushing down the doors of an Alabama wireless station for playing the endowment of black Blues creative person Shelley Playboy Stewart. Their purpose that dark was to kill the proprietor sitting indoors. The proprietor, Ray Mahoney, suggested that the Ku Klux Klan did non believe that The Playboy was good plenty to play for them. All 800+ of the white childs inside jumped out the doors of the station and proceeded to assail the Klan, the same race as they, to contend for one black adult male ( Integrated Radio ) . Literally, they saved the hapless black adult male # 8217 ; s life that dark ; symbolically, they helped salvage the full black race from such persecution. While this kind of activity seemed to go on while the music was playing, and playing good, this remains symbolic of the Whites? willingness to deconstruct the racism and prejudice prominent of the clip. After Elvis, the barriers between black and white music were broken down wholly. The bulk of white adolescents, and those within other age brackets, began to see the significance of the Blues in music and life style, and all were idolizing the music and its musicians-white and black. It was because of Blues music that white childs ventured into black countries and had a sense of? just drama? long before the civil rights motion ( Blues and Rock ) . As there will ever be, there were those people who were disgusted with this kind of music, behaviour, belief, and life style. However, historically and late, this is disregarded as? conservative fluff and discarded in a haste. Once the Blues got this far, there was no clemency and no turning back. It seemed as though Blues music did more for the civil rights motion than Brown vs. the Topeka Board of Education ( Blues and Rock ) . Blues was similar to a little leak on a dike, and one time the H2O broke through, it was best to watch it run i ts class. Traditional Blues music is reflected in modern music, which displays vague or blatant Bluess influences. However, the Napoleons of the Blues shall neer be forgotten because they fought a war America had at one clip decided it could neer win. The music instilled faith into the Black Marias of many black Americans and at the same clip instilled empathy and passion in the white Americans. It non merely congregated people, it congregated two separate civilizations, both every bit different as black and white.

Culture Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Culture Studies - Essay Example Identity can also refer to other qualities such as hairstyles, clothes, and preferences that make one different from other individuals. Some of the most vital facets of the term identity for me include issues such as beliefs, qualities, attitudes and preferences. I personally have unique beliefs, qualities attitudes and preferences that I have been able to acquire over the years from my culture, religion and environment, and which make me recognizable. All these make me unique and contribute to my personality. I also believe that each individual ascribes to a different set of beliefs, qualities, preferences and attitudes, and in as much as they may appear similar in the broad sense, they are very unique in the finer details. Social identity refers to an individual’s sense of self in relation to others or groups with regard to what they all have in common (Bennett, 2005). Social identity therefore refers to how one perceives themselves in relation to the groups they belong to. Social identity can also be understood as the self-awareness or perception of an individual gotten from being a member of a social group like a political organization, religious group, or family. Individuals tend to affiliate themselves with groups that address their interests and issues Social identity, as a concept is very important in trying to explain social behavior of individuals as well as in trying to understand culture. Sociologists rely on social identity to explain the behavior of individuals as well as understanding their role on the society. Psychologist Henri Tajfel first introduced the term social identity in 1979 in the social identity theory. According to the theory, individuals always classify or categorize themselves and others in relation to their membership to wider groups in the society. People identify with groups that have the same interests as themselves and those that have a positive impact on the

Using The Body Shop as the company, examine the factors behind any Essay

Using The Body Shop as the company, examine the factors behind any changes that have taken place in the structure or geographical location of its Value Chain in - Essay Example Its stock appeared on London’s Unlisted Securities Market in April 1984, opening at 95 pence. The Body Shop was fully listed on London Stock Exchange in January 1986 and at that time, the company’s stock was selling at 820 pence. The market value of the company had reached at  £350 million ($591 million) by 1991. The journey was not smooth; ups and downs came when Littlehampton manufacturing plants were sold. In the year 2000, manufacturing was outsourced. Even then, the Body Shop commanded the same market value in the year 2004 ( £334 million as of September 2004). The Body Shop’s value chain has expanded vertically and horizontally, transgressing its physical boundaries from the UK and the Republic of Ireland into America, Europe, Middle East, Asia Pacific and Africa. A business system in itself is the value chain of a firm. From business perspective, value is the amount customers are ready to pay for the goods of the firm. A firm’s produce is measured by its total revenue – means the number of units sold times the price. A firm remains in profit only until the total value is above the costs borne by all of the firm’s value activities. Michael Porter uses the term ‘value chain’ for this business system. In an industry, value chain of a company depends on its history, strategy and ways of applying that strategy. The set of activities required to collect inputs, design, manufacture, market, deliver and support the goods and services, creates a generic business value chain. A generic value chain is complete in all value activities with added margin, which comes after subtracting the cost of all activities from the total value. The supplier and channel value chains also carry margins, which are included in the total price paid by the ultimate end-user. (Reimann, The Planning Forum 1989) Michael Porter developed the value chain approach in his