The Desert Biome essays

The Desert Biome articles The desert is a biome or as a real existence zone, for instance another biome would be tundra. The desert in western United States in brought about by the seaside ranges and the immense Sierras in California. These mountains cause the mists to rain and when they arrive at the opposite side, there is next to zero dampness left in them. That is the reason deserts are so cold. The desert is an exceptionally astounding spot. In a spot that the vast majority would accept to unwelcoming, life blooms. Every creature and plant has adjusted to get by in the hot desert. For instance: The roadrunner, which is in the cuckoo family, is a buyer of the desert; it runs as opposed to flying, it is an omnivore, with reptiles and creepy crawlies framing quite a bit of its eating routine. The Saguaro desert plant, a maker, is the lord of prickly plants. It can arrive at a tallness of around 40 feet. It is home to numerous creatures from an owl to catamounts roost while at serious risk. These prickly plant are work for the desert as a result of their intense skin and their propelled framework for putting away water. A desert tortoise, a buyer, eats plants and changes over them to water and food. This is a decent element for a desert living animal. The tortoise during mating season battles with another male. The first to go topsy turvy, loses and could even bite the dust on the off chance that he doesn't turn straight up. The harassers of the desert are the pigs, or to be accurate, the peccary and lance. These pigs have a mean disposition and a savage arrangement of teeth. They will for all intents and purposes eat anything. Indeed, even creepy crawlies and insects live in the desert. The tarantula that lives in the desert lives in an opening on the ground, a food that stops by it assaults and executes it with its venomous nibble. The millipedes from your patio live in the desert as well. These bugs have more than 1000 legs and they produce a scent that hampers any tarantulas endeavor to eat it. The kangaroo rodent is an astonishing little warm blooded animal. They are purchasers and during the time, the plants are decent, they stuff their... <!

Juvenile probation etc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adolescent probation and so on - Essay Example As per the central segments present in the IAP model, the program enormously targets decreasing recidivism through serious oversight and control measures, fortifying family and network relations with individualized case arranging and strengthening progress in the improvement of individual prosperity by motivating forces and an eager case the board using assets inside the network (Wiebush, McNulty, and Le, 2000). Disappointments anyway in meeting certain targets of IAP result from usage issues, for example, staffing opening, institutional swarming, and unsteady program situations. Effective activity by and by considers the steady adherence deeply attributes of the model and that it is found to build up more quality for the establishment in working together with the outside help groups of aftercare and research. Development, then again, explicitly gives concentrated aftercare to high-chance female adolescent wrongdoers. Overseen by Boys and Girls Clubs of South Alabama, Inc. with the a ssistance of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, this program utilizes Network Aftercare System (NAS), an IAP adjustment. Head parts are comprehensive of female-explicit fundamental abilities, experience treatment, network administration, scholastic training, and Functional Family Therapy. Female wrongdoers are managed a one-year aftercare checking and oversight upon discharge from detainment. Development stays aware of the comparative objective to lessen recidivism just as pregnancy rates and to expand work positions for GROWTH members and these are all piece of the program's archived achievement. No huge disappointment has been assessed to develop during program usage as GROWTH advances extra administrations, for example, individual and gathering treatment, substance misuse treatment, and coaching. Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) being another guide in a phase after probation, created at the Oregon Social Learning Center, gives exceptionally pr epared non-permanent parents, serious help from a clinical group, and a firmly organized program. Other than getting less inclined to slip again into old reprobate examples of conduct, MTFC defines objective that guarantees better friend affiliations and improvement of both scholarly and expert aptitudes. The program gives adequate spotlight on individualized treatment where conduct is observed and recorded every day through reaching the non-permanent parents by means of the phone. No plentiful measure of information shows proof of the program's weaknesses and as a major aspect of the program's prosperity, MTFC members experience less captures, insignificant contribution or enthusiasm for reprobate exercises and lesser time allotment of imprisonment. Encouraging guys of ages 13 to 18 for whom the Maryland Department of Juvenile Services render submitted commitments, Thomas O'Farrell Youth Center serves treatment focused on the advancement of positive social standards. Getting ready for aftercare starts at admission to private treatment where youth spend a normal of eight months. While in private consideration, young people are alloted two case managers each and these people are required to look

Book Riots 2018 Read Harder Challenge

Book Riots 2018 Read Harder Challenge This years Read Harder challenge is presented by  Libby. Meet Libby. The one-tap reading app from OverDrive. By downloading Libby to your smartphone, you can access thousands of eBooks and audiobooks from your library for free anytime and anywhere. You’ll find titles in all genres, ranging from bestsellers, classics, nonfiction, comics and much more. Libby works on Apple and Android devices and is compatible with Kindle. All you need is a library card but you can sample any book in the library collection without one. In select locations, Libby will even get your library card for you instantly. Learn more at https://meet.libbyapp.com/. Happy Reading. Welcome to the fourth edition of Book Riots annual reading challenge, the 2018 Read Harder challenge, created and written by Rachel Manwill. Every year, more and more of you discover and complete Read Harder, and with every new edition, we give you 24 tasks that will invite new genres, new authors, and new worlds, both real and imaginary, into your reading life. This year, youll find many new tasks and many that take previous years tasks and add another layer of complexity or interest. Hopefully youll find tasks that excite you and tasks that push your reading boundaries. Im particularly delighted with this years batch and I personally cant wait for January 1st to get started. Just as in years past, there are 24 tasks, averaging two per month over the course of the next 12 months. You may count one book for multiple tasks or read one book per task. I’ve said it the last three challenges, so it bears repeating: “We encourage you to push yourself, to take advantage of this challenge as a way to explore topics or formats or genres that you otherwise wouldn’t try. But this isn’t a test. No one is keeping score and there are no points to post. We like books because they allow us to see the world from a new perspective, and sometimes we all need help to even know which perspectives to try out. That’s what this isâ€"a perspective shiftâ€"but one for which you’ll only be accountable to yourself.” If you want a bit more accountability nonetheless, add a social element to your challenge, or need some help with challenge books, the  Read Harder group on Goodreads  is an excellent resource throughout the year for sharing your reading plans, discussing the tasks, and finding new books to fit the challenge.  You can also  check in all over social media with the hashtag #ReadHarder. And join Book Riot Insiders for access to an exclusive Read Harder podcast where Josh and Sharifa will offer suggestions, highlighting a new task each episode. Click here for a downloadable and editable PDF of the 2018 Challenge tasks. Well be publishing lists for each of the tasks in the coming months to  help you complete  your Challenge. Finally, here are the tasks! A book published posthumously A book of true crime A classic of genre fiction (i.e. mystery, sci fi/fantasy, romance) A comic written and drawn by the same person A book set in or about one of the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, or South Africa) A book about nature A western A comic written or drawn by a person of color A book of colonial or postcolonial literature A romance novel by or about a person of color A children’s classic published before 1980 A celebrity memoir An Oprah Book Club selection A book of social science A one-sitting book The first book in a new-to-you YA or middle grade series A sci fi novel with a female protagonist by a female author A comic that isn’t published by Marvel, DC, or Image A book of genre fiction in translation A book with a cover you hate A mystery by a person of color or LGBTQ+ author An essay anthology A book with a female protagonist over the age of 60 An assigned book you hated (or never finished) Finished your  2017 Challenge?  Don’t forget to take a picture of your completed list, email it to readharder@bookriot.com by Dec. 31st, and get a 30% discount at the  Book Riot store! If youre struggling for your last task or two, dont forget you can search Book Riot for Read Harder and find help from our contributors for some of the trickier tasks. Don’t just read…Read Harder! And dont forget to pick up one of our Best Books of 2017 boxes, which contain books that will satisfy some of the tasks!

Stem Cell Research Is Absolutely Wrong And Should Be...

For a few decades, although mostly within the past fifteen years, medical teams have relished in the research of stem cells, especially embryonic stem cells. The fascinating potential associated with these cells is intoxicating, and scientists across the nation are eager apply their findings towards curing diseases and saving lives. Yet despite all of the excitement, many people are uncomfortable with the topic. From its inception, stem cell research has consistently sparked ethical conflict. Although many types of stem cell research should certainly be allowed, embryonic stem cell research is absolutely wrong and should be prohibited. Stem cells are of high interest due to the fact that, unlike other types of cells, they are able to multiply into a variety of different specialized cell types (Panno, 2010, p. xiv). When a stem cell divides, that newly created stem cell can either remain as is, or it can develop into a specific type of cell with a particular function (â€Å"Stem Cell Basics,† 2002). Stem cells can also regenerate indefinitely, and will continue to divide even in a laboratory environment, without sacrificing their distinctive characteristics (Bellomo, 2006, p. 7). These unique features have proven to be quite valuable, and the prospect of curing serious diseases through stem cell manipulation is predicted to be on the horizon (Panno, 2010, p. xv). There are two main types of human stem cells—embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells (â€Å"Stem Cell Basics,†Show MoreRelatedStem Cell Research : A Controversial Topic Discussing Life Or Death865 Words   |  4 PagesKegley Health Science- 4th period 22 September 2015 Stem Cell Research Stem cell research is a controversial topic discussing life or death. Stem cells have the capability to turn into many different cell types essentially saving lives that may need specific parts that the stem cell can create. The embryo being used dies which makes this topic very controversial because the unborn child is being killed for research. Although stem cell research treats people from chronic diseases which thereforeRead MoreThe Government Has Not Funded Stem Cell Research1566 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment has not funded stem cell research since 2001 for various reasons, some understandable, others I have to disagree on. I believe stem cell research should be funded by the government because it will advance our knowledge on how to treat and cure certain diseases. Many people, researchers and scientist included, strongly agree that we cannot continue our knowledge and technological advancement without the support of our own government. Stem cells are special cells that have the ability toRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pages(Engebreston, 2006). In today’s world medical research and technology is rapidly changing and there are increasing ethical conflicts between science and religion particularly with the recent harvest and research of embryonic stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells has been described by â€Å"Chris McDonald, stem cell research centre, 2008† as one of the most significant breakthroughs of this century in biomedicine. The focus question within this research assignment is, it is right to regard an embryoRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research2605 Words   |  11 Pagestruly believe that stem cell research is going to allow our children to look at Alzheimer’s and diabetes and other major diseases the way we look at polio today, which is a preventable disease† (Solomon). Susan Solomon was the researcher that f ounded the New York Stem Cell Foundation and has been seen as the hero for stem cell scientists around the world. Over the past couple years, stem cell research has been at its highest; scientists all over the world are using these cells to try to find newRead MoreThe Debate Over Embryonic Stem Cell Controversy2546 Words   |  11 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Controversy â€Å"I truly believe that stem cell research is going to allow our children to look at Alzheimer’s and diabetes and other major diseases the way we look at polio today, which is a preventable disease† (Solomon). Susan Solomon has founded the New York Stem Cell Foundation and has been seen as the hero for stem cell scientists around the world. Over the past couple years, stem cell research has been at its high; scientists all over the world are using these cells to try toRead MoreEssay about Stem Cells: The Future of Medicine3292 Words   |  14 Pagessupport the research? What if there was a way that you could repair damaged nerves. Some believe that stem cells may hold the answers to some of these questions. What are stem cells and why should you or I even care about them? Some believe that they are a miracle treatment waiting to happen while others believe that stem cells are highly immoral. Why does so much controversy surround the issue? Why is the conversation of stem cells feared by some and praised by others? To some stem cells are the medicalRead More The Pursuit of Genetic Engineering Essay4075 Words   |  17 Pagesnumerous ways. However, the fear of controversy and the fear of the â€Å"new† could hinder and possibly halt any progress that we are capable of making. There are concerns that society should carefully consider. It is important, though, to thoroughly research and examine a topic in order to understand why there should be no fear caused by cloning and genetic engineering one must know the factual processes behind them before a strong argument on behalf of their advancement can be formed. Cloning andRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 Pagesadvisors, modern cultivation equipment and the introduction of improved hemp varieties. Continued on pg. 60 Shandong cultivation 57 Letters 59 Fiber hemp cultivars 66 Medical Cannabis review 74 New cannabinoid antiemetic 76 Ukranian seed 79 Tasmanian research 82 Interview 86 ICRS symposium 88 Colorado hemp act 92 Canada report 96 Austria report 98 German textiles 101 Book reviews 103 NAIHF 104 Debate Corner 106 Journal of the International Hemp Association, Volume 2, Number 2, 1995 58 DEAR MEMBERSHIP Read MoreIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 Pagesincluding suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORMRead More50 Harmful Effects of Genetically Modified (Gm) Foods14312 Words   |  58 Pagesfood. You may have, at the time, known exactly how much salt, fat and carbohydrates were in each of these foods because regulations mandate their labeling for dietary purposes. But you would not know if the bulk of these foods, and literally every cell had been genetically altered! In just those three years, as much as 1/4th of all American agricultural lands or 70-80 million acres were quickly converted to raise genetically-modified (GM) food and crops. And in the race to increase GM crop production

Philosophy Of Religion Critically Evaluating The...

Philosophy of Religion Critically evaluating the Argument from Design C3182916, Paul Sater, University of Newcastle Callaghan Essay one The Argument from design or also known as the Teleological argument (Telos: Purpose, Teleology: Study of something’s purpose or design) is endowed on the assumption of a God or creator which has intelligently and elegantly designed the universe to such intricate and fine detail. In which argues that something so immaculately designed for example the structural complexity and delegacy of the eye, can only be as a direct result of an intelligent designer or (God). The argument from design is a collection of empirical and inductive arguments that identify characteristics found in natural objects and infer God as the cause. The Argument from design is analogous in nature and can be envisioned through key philosopher William Paley (1743-1809). With his argument of intelligent design acknowledged as the â€Å"classical† statement in coupled with his natural theology (1802). Additionally we will explore other forms of the argument from design in a more contemporary version. These consist of Hugh Ross’ Fine-tuning of the universe in reference to his published book The Creator and the Cosmos (1999), and the explanation of how the theory of evolution by natural selection attempts to account for the rise in complex organisms and natural structures without inferring to the concept of an intelligent designer. Lastly, exploring a critical discussion ofShow MoreRelatedSchoology Essay Example1454 Words   |  6 Pagesartistic works and performances. Students learn to synthesize information from multiple sources, develop their own perspectives in research-based written essays, and design and deliver oral and visual presentations, both individually and as part of a team. Ultimately, the course aims to equip students with the power to analyze and evaluate information with accuracy and precision in order to craft and communicate evidence-based arguments.† Student end of course goals: †¢ Engaging students with rigorousRead MoreThe Contributions Of Descartes And Hume3394 Words   |  14 PagesDescartes and Hume towards the issue of establishing: the existence of God Introduction: Arguments for and against the existence of god have been proposed by philosophers, theologians, scientists and others for thousands of years. In Philosophy, these arguments involve primarily the disciplines of Epistemology and Ontology and can be categorized as metaphysical, logical, empirical, or subjective. The epistemic arguments place different restrictions on our ability have knowledge, some arguing for conditionsRead MoreCritical Analysis of Consumer Decision-Making Process Model5350 Words   |  22 PagesABSTRACT As the market place is changing, the purpose of this report is to critically analyse 2 chosen consumer decision process models, the KBM model by Kotler, Bowen and Makens (2006) and the BEM model by Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2006) if they are vague or/ and all-encompassing in hospitality industry today with relevant industry examples. Secondary research is used to conduct data to support the author’s argument. Consumer behaviour in hospitality industry today is changing by the impactRead MoreTravel and Tourism Administration Program Structure20692 Words   |  83 Pagesanalysis and design, and demonstrate practical competence in a range of current software systems as well as adapt and learn new evolving technologies as to be able to implement them afterwards in the workplace. Excellent prospects are offered to graduates who will work for a small to medium-sized firms whose line of business is not necessarily technical. Our graduates will be able to apply themselves in a variety of tasks and contribute to the overall IT section of the firm. They will design, buildRead MoreConvergence, Divergence or Middle of the Path: Hrm Model6579 Words   |  27 PagesJournal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AT FIRM LEVEL: EVOLVING PARADIGMS Nothing has moved as fast as in the last twenty five years for the discipline of human resource management. It has come a long way from a reactive, bureaucratic people management function (being called as personnel management) to a proactive and strategic human resource management. The shift in the paradigm has been forced by economic, business and socio-political factors but the changedRead MoreEthics And Professional Responsibilities Applied8100 Words   |  33 Pagesfavorable for them to choose to do when they are not obliged to do so (Norman, 2011, p.1). When fraud happens, companies collapse more rapidly than its growth. Collapse resulting from the fraud not only destroys the companies, but also may results the shareholders investments impossible to recover. Many stakeholders will also suffer from the loss due to the fraudulent information. As a result, ethical problems become paramount in business practice. For ethic al purposes, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 hasRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 Pageselectronic, electrostatic, mechanical, photocopied or otherwise, without the express permission in writing from The Association of Business Executives. Advanced Diploma in Business Management STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Contents Unit 1 Title Introduction to Strategic Human Resource Management Introduction What is Strategy? What is Strategic HRM? How is Strategic HRM Different from Other Aspects of HRM? How Does Research Show that Strategic HRM Adds Value to an Organisation? How DoesRead MoreVolkswagen20284 Words   |  82 Pageswas to find out which particular modes did VW use to enter Chinese market and what are the rationales behind such choice. It was found that it is the macro environment (political, economic, social and technological) and micro environment (threat from five forces) of China lends itself to a particular entry mode: joint venture. It also presented the challenges and directions of the company in its future development in China -1- MA MANAGEMENT DISSERTATION XIAOFENG WEN Acknowledgements Read MorePerformance Appraisal17716 Words   |  71 Pagesis the systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his or her performance on the job and his or her potential for development. A more comprehensive definition is: Performance appraisal is a formal structured system of measuring and evaluating an employee’s job related behaviors and outcomes to discover how and why the employee is presently performing on the job and how the employee can perform more effectively in the future so that the employee organization and society all benefit. TheRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalness and pl urality of opinion from the audience. This is a book that will become a classic in organization studies. Mihaela L. Kelemen, Professor of Management Studies, Keele

Advantages and Disadvantages of A Single Sex Education Free Essays

Why would anyone want to go to an all girls’ school? This is a question I have often pondered. Can you imagine school without the obnoxious comments from boys, football games, and gossiping about boys? This doesn’t sound like a lot of fun, does it? You girls may think about this and decide there are no advantages to an all girls’ school, but in reality, all girls’ schools have many. Believe it or not, having boys around is not the most important factor in our education. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and Disadvantages of A Single Sex Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, boys in the classroom are actually a setback. All girls’ schools are more advantageous than coeducational schools because there are fewer distractions, you will have a higher self esteem socially and academically, and you will be more successful academically. Let’s face it, we are obsessed with boys. We act and dress with only a boy’s opinion in mind. Boys not only preoccupy our minds in a social setting, but in the classroom as well. We know that we know the answers to the questions in school, but we often avoid raising our hand in class. Why? We are afraid that the answer might be wrong, and the boys will laugh at us. Even worse, we might be right, and then they will think we are nerds! We also must confess that we tend to space out during lessons and daydream about the star quarterback two seats over. These distractions could be eliminated if boys are removed from the setting. Without them, we could focus on education rather than what they think of us. Self-esteem is another issue that will improve with the absence of the male species in the classroom. In high school, there is an extreme amount of pressure to fit in. Some may not fit in, and some prey on others in order to fit in and increase their own self esteem. Usually it is the boys who will tease us, whether it’s because they like us or they want to get a laugh out of their friends. This teasing can crush our confidence and cause us to become very self-conscious. Without boys, we can confidently walk down the hallway without dodging annoying boys who relentlessly torture us. Some may say, â€Å"What about other girls? † Girls can definitely be cruel and catty, but usually this bitterness towards another girl sprouts from a boy, whether she stole your boyfriend or he likes her better. How many times have you found yourself gossiping with your friends about how you are much prettier than the girl your crush likes? Girls would get along better if there were no boys around to fight about. Boys will not get in the way of friendships, which are far more important than relationships, making the high school experience much better for a girl. A single sex atmosphere will also increase our self-esteem academically. Studies prove that women do better in single sex schools and have higher self-esteems (Cooner, Knight, and Wiseman 90). In coed classrooms, boys receive more attention, whether it is criticism or praise, than we do (Cooner, Knight, and Wiseman 91). How often does a teacher stop a class to yell at a typically obnoxious boy? We therefore feel ignored by our teachers. This has a dramatic effect on our confidence in the classroom. In an all girls’ school we can receive our teacher’s attention more frequently and ask questions without feeling embarrassed. More attention means more praise, which we clearly deserve. The increase in attention from our teachers will help to increase our academic self-esteem. The most important advantage of an all girls’ school, however, is academic success. Did you know that coed schools are structured around the development of male students? Writing, reading, and math concepts, such as long division, are introduced to us when a boy’s mind is ready to process and understand the information (Cooner, Knight, and Wiseman, 90). The fact that we were developmentally ready to understand this information a few years ago is ignored. I find that completely unfair and I’m sure that you can agree. Girls develop math and verbal skills faster than boys do, so we rarely experience any challenges in the classroom. No wonder we are so bored! Our boredom can negatively affect our achievement. I reiterate the fact that the teachers often ignore female students, even high achieving females. This discourages us from exerting ourselves in their schoolwork. Why bother pulling an all-nighter preparing for a presentation when a boy is going to receive more attention for his presentation anyway? An all girls’ school is structured around our development, which poses an academic challenge to us. We will then strive to succeed and in turn receive praise from our teachers. Our increased interest in our schoolwork improves our attitudes as well as our grades, which will help us in the future. Better grades will increase our opportunities to attend good colleges and get good jobs. Our increase in confidence will prepare us for these jobs that we will be able to get with a good education. You still may not be convinced that an all girls’ school is better than a coeducational school because you are wondering how it’s possible to meet boys if they are not in school. Don’t worry girls! There are tons of places to meet boys. There are boys everywhere (except in all girls’ schools of course) including the mall and your neighborhood. Let’s consider another fact. If an all girls’ school exists in your town or nearby, chances are an all boys’ school is not far off. If not, where would all of the boys go? Trust me, the boys are looking for us girls as much as we are looking for them. Clearly, this issue is not an obstacle in your social life. Life without boys? It sounds worse than it really is. You can now see that having boys in the classroom is a setback for us girls. Without them around, we can focus on our valuable education. We will have all attention focused on our work and our needs, which is very beneficial to receiving an effective education. We can also focus on forming friendships with other girls in the school without worrying about them stealing our boyfriends. Catty gossip can be eliminated from everyday school life, allowing us to fully concentrate on our education. Our education should be our first priority in life, and an all girls school in turn makes us their first priority, improving the quality of our education. How to cite Advantages and Disadvantages of A Single Sex Education, Papers

Stalins Great Purges Essays - Old Bolsheviks, Marxist Theorists

Stalin's Great Purges Stalin's Purges Soviet Terror Stalin's great purges had a distressing significance during the 1930's. The purges, in effect, started on December 1, 1934 with the murder of Sergei Kirov, a Leningrad party leader. This act, in fact, helped shut ?Russia's window to the West.' These great purges brought on ugly results and severely menaced the Soviet Unions power and future. The purges were designed to expunge any threats of political resistance. ?An important aspect of all Soviet Purges has been elimination of those minor figures whose fate was sealed by the defeat of their prosecutors.' ?Long before the assasination of Kirov in December 1934 Stalin managed by various political maneuvers and violent means to free himself from the control of the party masses.' Stalin was born on December 21, 1879, in the village of Gori, Georgia. He was born to Vissarion and Yekaterina Dzhugashvili. His father Vissarion, was an unsuccessful cobbler who drank heavily and beat him. When Stalin was seven, he caught smallpox, which marked him for life, and then he caught septicemia, which left his left arm slightly crippled. Stalin was one of four chilren to survive infancy. He lived a ?normal life' in the 1920's, surrounded by many relatives who freely expressed their thoughts and had good personal friends among the leaders in Russia. However, in 1932, his life took a change for the worse, arguably, after the suicide of his second wife, Nadezhda Allililuyeva who left a letter incriminating him personally and politically. Stalin's rise to power was a combination of his ability to manipulate situations and the failure of others to prevent him from taking power, especially Leon Trotsky. Trotsky did not take advantage of several opportunities in which would have helped him to eliminate Stalin politically. When he failed to take advantage of these opportunities, Stalin schemed himself into a stronger position within the party by allying with Zinoviev and Kamnev. He manipulated them into shattering Trotsky, thus eliminating the strongest opponent in his path to power. Stalin deftly avoided potential political ruin when Lenin formulated his Testament in December 1922. This Testament illustrated what his thoughts of the future of the Party leaders and the party itself; Especially Trotsky and Stalin. Lenin foreshadowed a division in which Stalin and Trotsky would be the main details. When describing Stalin, Lenin felt that he had an unlimited authority in his hands and whether he will always be capable of usi ng that authority with sufficient caution. The makeup of Lenin's Testament became more damaging to Trotsky than to Stalin. Stalin manipulated the content of the Testament to enhance his position. By mentioning Stalin as one of the prominent members of the Party, Lenin raised Stalin's greatness to that of Trotsky. The equivalent stature of apparatus The purges were set off on December 1, 1934 with the murder of Sergei Kirov. He was a member of the Politburo, leader of the Leningrad party and had substantial influence in the ruling elite. His concern for the workers in Leningrad earned him popularity. Stalin used his murder as a pretext for launching a broad purge that would claim hundreds of thousands of victims. No part of society was left out of danger by the purges. Anyone who caused the remotest suspicion was expunged and numerous legislatures were enacted to help enforce them. For example, a law that was passed in 1935 lowered the age for responsible criminal behavior. That meant the death penalty could be utilized on children as young as twelve. By 1933 Stalin and supporters were not satisfied with Russia's progress and the purge trials. ?They indicted a whole group of industrailists who were alleged to have hindered technological advance.' The terror is commonly thought to be the mode by which Stalin cinched his own personal power. Stalin did improve Russia's industrial system, however, obviously had a negative effect on Russian society. Stalin used the Five Year Plans to make great strides in industrializing Russia. When he tried to equal that success with agricultural growth he met some resistance and ended up liquidating a class and causing famine. Socially, he gave some important social benefits to workers and gave women equal rights. But, he also tried to purge the country and